Overestimating outsourced biodiversity loss may misguide policy

Wiebe, R. A. & Wilcove, D. S. Global biodiversity loss from outsourced deforestation. Nature 639 , 389–394 (2025). Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar Zaehringer, J. G., Eckert, S. & Messerli, P. Revealing regional deforestation dynamics in north-eastern Madagascar—insights from multi-temporal land cover change analysis. Land 4 , 454–474 (2015). Article Google Scholar Martin, D. A. et al. Land-use trajectories for sustainable land system transformations: Identifying leverage points in a global biodiversity hotspot. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 119 , e2107747119 (2022). Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Llopis, J. C. et al. Effects of protected area establishment and cash crop price dynamics on land use transitions 1990–2017 in north-eastern Madagascar. J. Land Use Sci. 14 , 52–80 (2019). Article Google Scholar Sims, M. J. et al. Global drivers of forest loss at 1 km resolution. Environ. Res. Lett. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/add606 (2025). Andriatsitohaina, R. N. N., Laby, P., Llopis, J. C. & Martin, D. A. Agroforestry in Madagascar: past, present, and future. Agrofor. Syst. 98 , 1659–1680 (2024). Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Hoang, N. T. & Kanemoto, K. Mapping the deforestation footprint of nations reveals growing threat to tropical forests. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 5 , 845–853 (2021). Article PubMed Google Scholar Wurz, A. et al. Win-win opportunities combining high yields with high multi-taxa biodiversity in tropical agroforestry. Nat. Commun. …