Mapping the neuronal building blocks of human language with language models

Single-neuronal recordings Participants All aspects of the study were approved and performed in strict accordance with guidelines set by the Massachusetts General Hospital Institutional Review Board (IRB) and Harvard Medical School for the ethical conduct of research. All of the participants included in the study were scheduled to undergo epilepsy monitoring 30 , 33 , 34 , 70 . The decision for surgery was made by a multidisciplinary team that commonly included neurologists, neurosurgeons, radiologists and neuropsychologists. Operative planning was made independently by the surgical team and without consideration of study participation. Once the decision to undergo surgery was made, the participant’s research candidacy was reviewed. The participants were enrolled only if the surgical plan was for cortical surface grid recordings for seizure monitoring. The patients were aged at least 18 years, and they had intact language function and were able to provide informed consent. A total of eight participants was included in the study (3 female and 5 male, mean age of 40 years; range, 27 to 52 years). All of the participants that were consented were free to withdraw from study participation at any time without impact on clinical care. Microelectrode recordings For each participant, multi-electrode microarrays (Utah arrays; Blackrock Microsystems) were implanted into an area planned for surgical resection. …